Marriage and Family Therapy (MFT) was built on a radical idea: We look at patterns, relationships, feedback loops. We understand that change doesn’t happen by fixing a single part; it happens when the system reorganizes.
And yet, there’s a quiet contradiction at the heart of our field: For a profession rooted in systems thinking, we’ve often left the most influential part of the system out of the conversation...
The people receiving care.
When Expertise Speaks Louder Than Experience
Many clients arrive in therapy thoughtful, capable, and deeply self-aware—only to leave feeling uncertain, pathologized, or subtly disempowered. Not because therapy is harmful by design, but because the structure itself still privileges professional interpretation over lived experience.
Historically, MFT developed theories about families without meaningfully including families in shaping those theories. Early models reflected the social locations of those who built them—often white, male, and culturally dominant—while other voices remained peripheral or unheard.
This isn’t about blame.
It’s about honesty.
Systems replicate themselves unless intentionally disrupted.
Feedback Is Not a Threat—It’s a Signal
At its core, therapy is a relationship, a very sacred yet also professional one. And every relationship relies on feedback to stay responsive and alive.
Feedback-Informed Treatment (FIT) invites clients to share—explicitly and consistently—how therapy is landing for them. Not as a simple or rote evaluation of the therapist, but as vital information within a shared system.
When clients are invited to reflect on:
- how connected they feel,
- whether the work feels relevant,
- and if therapy is actually supporting change,
something subtle but powerful happens.
Authority becomes shared.
Consent becomes ongoing.
Self-trust begins to strengthen.
This is not about measuring people. It’s about listening through the noise of expertise, privilege, and power.
From First-Order Change to Third-Order Change
In systems language, many therapies aim for first-order change: symptom relief. Some even aim for second-order change: shifting patterns and structures.
But when we center client voices and lived experiences in how therapy itself is designed, delivered, and evaluated, we move toward third-order change: a reorganization of power from the bottom-up.
When service users are positioned as collaborators rather than recipients, therapy becomes more culturally responsive, more ethical, and more humane. Feedback stops being something we collect only when something goes wrong and becomes part of the living rhythm of the work.
Therapy as a Shared Microsystem
The therapeutic relationship is its own system, nested inside larger systems of culture, identity, and power. When we ignore client feedback, we risk reenacting the very hierarchies many people come to therapy to heal from.
But when feedback is welcomed:
- ruptures are addressed earlier,
- clients feel safer naming misattunements,
- and therapists remain grounded in curiosity rather than certainty.
This is not therapy as usual. This is therapy that trusts the system enough to invite it speak without filtering or nullifying what's shared.
An Invitation Forward
At Cultivating Capacity, this philosophy lives not just in theory, but in practice. In fact, it's our praxis.
Transparency matters here. Collaboration matters here. Your experience matters—not as data to be extracted, but as wisdom to be honored.
You are not a passive participant in your healing.
You are already shaping the system, whether anyone asks you or not.
The question is whether MFT is willing to listen.
And whether we are brave enough, as clinicians and as humans, to let that listening change us.
References
This reflection was adapted from a scholarly paper I submitted as part of my doctoral journey; copies available upon request.
American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy. (2015,January 1). Code of ethics. AAMFT. https://www.aamft.org/AAMFT/Legal_Ethics/Code_of_Ethics.aspx
Anderson, S. R., Johnson, L. N., Miller, R. B., &Barham, C. C. (2022). The Couple Relationship Scale: A brief measure to facilitate routine outcome monitoring in couple therapy. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 48(2), 464–483. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmft.12541
Anker, M. G., Duncan, B. L., & Sparks, J. A. (2009).Using client feedback to improve couple therapy outcomes: A randomized clinical trial in a naturalistic setting. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77(4), 693–704. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016062
Aoki, Y., Yaju, Y., Utsumi, T., Sanyaolu, L., Storm, M.,Takaesu, Y., Watanabe, K., Watanabe, N., Duncan, E., & Edwards, A. G.(2022). Shared decision-making interventions for people with mental health conditions. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 11(11),CD007297. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007297.pub3
Beels C. C. (2002). Notes for a cultural history of family therapy. Family Process, 41(1), 67–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.2002.40102000067.x
Bohart, A. C., & Tallman, K. (2010). Clients: Theneglected common factor in psychotherapy. In B. L. Duncan, S. D. Miller, B. E. Wampold, & M. A. Hubble (Eds.), The heart and soul of change: Deliveringwhat works in therapy (2nd ed., pp. 83–111). American Psychologica lAssociation. https://doi.org/10.1037/12075-003
D'Aniello, C. and Fife, S. T. (2020). A 20-Year review of common factors research in marriage and family therapy: A mixed methods content analysis. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 46, 701-718. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmft.12427
D’Aniello, C., Nguyen, H. N., & Piercy, F. P. (2016).Cultural sensitivity as an MFT common factor. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 44(5), 234–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926187.2016.1223565
Davey, M. P., Davey, A., Tubbs, C., Savla, J., &Anderson, S. (2012). Second order change and evidence-based practice. Journal of Family Therapy, 34(1), 72–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6427.2010.00499.x
DeBoer, K. (2022). Compassion versus empathy training among sexual violence victim advocates [Unpublished master’s thesis]. King’s College London.
Dixon, K. M., Kivlighan, D. M., Hill, C. E., & Gelso, C.J. (2022). Cultural humility, working alliance, and Outcome Rating Scale in psychodynamic psychotherapy: Between-therapist, within-therapist, and within-client effects. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 69(3),276–286. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000590
Duncan, B. L., Miller, S. D., Sparks, J., & Claud, D.A.(2004). The Session Rating Scale: Preliminary psychometric properties of a “working” alliance measure. Journal of Brief Therapy, 3, 3-12. https://www.scottdmiller.com/wp-content/uploads/JBT%20Hafkenscheid%20Duncan%20%20Miller2.pdf
Duncan, B. L., & Reese, R. J. (2015). The Partners for Change Outcome Management System (PCOMS): Revisiting the client's frame of reference. Psychotherapy, 52(4), 391–401. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000026
Duncan, B. L., & Reese, R. J. (2024). The evolution of feedback: Toward a multicultural orientation. Psychotherapy, 61(2),101–109. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000524
Duncan, B., & Sparks. J. (2015). Systematic feedback through the Partners for Change Outcome Management System (PCOMS). In M. Cooper& W. Dryden (Eds.), Handbook of pluralistic counselling and psychotherapy (pp. 55-67). London: Sage.
Haber, R., Carlson, R. G., & Braga, C. (2014). Use of an anecdotal client feedback note in family therapy. Family Process, 53(2),307–317. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12070
Hook, J. N., Davis, D. E., Owen, J., Worthington, E. L.,& Utsey, S. O. (2016). Cultural humility: Measuring openness to culturally diverse clients. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60(3), 353–366. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032595
Jonášová, K., Čevelíček, M., Doležal, P., & Řiháček, T.(2025). Psychotherapists' experience with in-session use of routine outcome monitoring: A qualitative meta-analysis. Administration and Policy in Mental health, 52(1), 106–122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-024-01348-4
Karam, E. A., Blow, A. J., Sprenkle, D. H., Davis, S. D.(2015). Strengthening the systemic ties that bind: Integrating common factorsinto marriage and family therapy curricula. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 41, 136–149. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmft.12096
Kendrick, T., El-Gohary, M., Stuart, B., Gilbody, S.,Churchill, R., Aiken, L., Bhattacharya, A., Gimson, A., Brütt, A. L., de Jong,K., & Moore, M. (2016). Routine use of patient reported outcome measures(PROMs) for improving treatment of common mental health disorders in adults. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 7(7),CD011119. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011119.pub2
King’s College London (KCL). (n.d.). Service user research enterprise (SURE). KCL. https://www.kcl.ac.uk/research/sure
Lambert M. J. (2015). Progress feedback and the OQ-system: The past and the future. Psychotherapy, 52(4), 381–390. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000027
Lambert, M. J., & Shimokawa, K. (2011). Collecting client feedback. Psychotherapy, 48(1), 72–79. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022238
Lappan, S., Shamoon, Z., & Blow, A. (2018). The importance of adoption of formal client feedback in therapy: A narrative review. Journal of Family Therapy, 40(4), 466–488.https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6427.12183
Lebow, J. (2014). Foundations of couple and family therapy. In Couple and family therapy: An integrative map of the territory (pp.3-23). American Psychological Association.
Lindsay, T. R., Seedall, R. B., Gillespie, A., Robinson, W.D., & Bradshaw, S. D. (2025). The change process questionnaire (CPQ): A psychometric validation. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 51(1),e12748. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmft.12748
Lorenzi, N. M., & Riley, R. T. (2000). Managing change: An overview. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association: JAMIA, 7(2), 116–124. https://doi.org/10.1136/jamia.2000.0070116
McAleavey, A. A., de Jong, K., Nissen-Lie, H. A., Boswell,J. F., Moltu, C., & Lutz, W. (2024). Routine Outcome Monitoring and Clinical Feedback in Psychotherapy: Recent Advances and Future Directions. Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 51(3),291–305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-024-01351-9
McComb, J. L., Diamond, R. M., Breunlin, D. C., Chambers, A.L. and Murray, K. S. F. (2019), Introducing client feedback into marriage and family therapy supervision: A qualitative study examining the transition to empirically informed supervision. Journal of Family Therapy, 41:214-231. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6427.12222
McDowell, T., Knudson-Martin, C., & Bermudez, J. M.(2019). Third-order thinking in family therapy: Addressing social justice across family therapy practice. Family Process, 58(1),9–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12383
Naidoo, M. (2023). Improving service provision through change management. South African Family Practice: Official Journal of the South African Academy of Family Practice/Primary Care, 65(1),e1–e4. https://doi.org/10.4102/safp.v65i1.5602
PettyJohn, M. E., Tseng, C. F., & Blow, A. J. (2020).Therapeutic utility of discussing therapist/client intersectionality in treatment: When and how? Family Process, 59(2),313–327. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12471
Phillips, J., & Klein, J. D. (2023). Change management: From theory to practice. Tech Trends: For Leaders in Education & Training, 67(1),189–197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-022-00775-0
Reese, R. J., Duncan, B. L., & Clements-Hickman, A. L.(2024). Do practice-generated data improve psychotherapy effectiveness (routine outcome monitoring)? In F. T. L. Leong, J. L. Callahan, J. Zimmerman, M. J. Constantino, & C. F. Eubanks (Eds.), APA handbook of psychotherapy: Evidence-based practice, practice-based evidence, and contextual participant-driven practice (pp. 193–211). American PsychologicalAssociation. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000354-013
Reese, R. J., Toland, M. D., Slone, N. C., & Norsworthy,L. A. (2010). Effect of client feedback on couple psychotherapy outcomes. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 47(4), 616–630.https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021182
Rosenthal, L., Houry, D., Bell, B., Henard, I., Dyer, C.,Irvin, N., Fuhr, K. Rose, K., Schwenk, J., Johnson, J., Hunter, K., and Williams, K. (2021). Hard truths and the duty to change: Recommendations from the Independent Review Commission on Sexual Assault in the Military. https://media.defense.gov/2021/Jul/02/2002755437/-1/-1/0/IRC-FULL-REPORT-FINAL-1923-7-1-21.PDF/IRC-FULL-REPORT-FINAL-1923-7-1-21.PDF
Shearer, K. D. and Lister, Z. D. (2025), Relational teachingin mental health education: A 20-year narrative review. Journal of Marita land Family Therapy, 51: e70010. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmft.70010
Shields, C. G., Wynne, L. C., McDaniel, S. H., &Gawinski, B. A. (1994). The marginalization of family therapy: A historical and continuing problem. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 20(2),117–138. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.1994.tb01021.x
Sparks, J. A., Kisler, T. S., Adams, J. F. and Blumen, D. G.(2011), Teaching accountability: using client feedback to train effective family therapists. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 37:452-467. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.2011.00224.x
Tadros, E. (2019). The Tadros theory of change: An integrated structural, narrative, and solution-focused approach. Contemporary Family Therapy: An International Journal, 41(4), 347–356. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-019-09502-z
Tervalon, M., & Murray-García, J. (1998). Cultural humility versus cultural competence: A critical distinction in defining physician training outcomes in multicultural education. Journal of HealthCare for the Poor and Underserved, 9(2), 117–125. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2010.0233
Tilden, T., & Wampold, B. E. (2017). Routine outcome monitoring in couple and family therapy: The empirically informed therapist. Springer.
Tilden, T., Wampold, B. E., Ulvenes, P., Zahl-Olsen, R.,Hoffart, A., Barstad, B., Olsen, I. A., Gude, T., Pinsof, W. M., Zinbarg, R.E., Nilssen, H. H., & Håland, Å. T. (2020). Feedback in couple and family therapy: A randomized clinical trial. Family Process, 59(1),36–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12485
Tilsen, J., & McNamee, S. (2015). Feedback informed treatment: Evidence‐based practice meets social construction. Family Process, 54(1), 124–137. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12111
Turnbull, A. P., Friesen, B. J., & Ramirez, C. (1998).Participatory action research as a model for conducting family research. Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps, 23(3), 178-188. https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/27c46fe1-e357-4ad7-883a-30aa9737533c/content
Wampler, K. S., Blow, A. J., McWey, L. M., Miller, R. B.,& Wampler, R. S. (2019). The profession of couple, marital, and family therapy (CMFT): Defining ourselves and moving forward. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 45(1), 5–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmft.12294
